1 00:00:11,360 --> 00:00:12,589 Marrs 2 00:00:12,589 --> 00:00:12,599 Marrs 3 00:00:12,599 --> 00:00:14,450 Marrs commonly referred to as the red planet 4 00:00:14,450 --> 00:00:14,460 commonly referred to as the red planet 5 00:00:14,460 --> 00:00:17,090 commonly referred to as the red planet is one of our closest neighbors beyond 6 00:00:17,090 --> 00:00:17,100 is one of our closest neighbors beyond 7 00:00:17,100 --> 00:00:19,849 is one of our closest neighbors beyond the moon it has qualities that make it a 8 00:00:19,849 --> 00:00:19,859 the moon it has qualities that make it a 9 00:00:19,859 --> 00:00:23,210 the moon it has qualities that make it a potentially habitable outpost before all 10 00:00:23,210 --> 00:00:23,220 potentially habitable outpost before all 11 00:00:23,220 --> 00:00:25,330 potentially habitable outpost before all Martian exploration ended in November 12 00:00:25,330 --> 00:00:25,340 Martian exploration ended in November 13 00:00:25,340 --> 00:00:29,120 Martian exploration ended in November 1982 a handful of probes had made the 14 00:00:29,120 --> 00:00:29,130 1982 a handful of probes had made the 15 00:00:29,130 --> 00:00:33,139 1982 a handful of probes had made the year-long journey Viking ones orbiter 16 00:00:33,139 --> 00:00:33,149 year-long journey Viking ones orbiter 17 00:00:33,149 --> 00:00:35,630 year-long journey Viking ones orbiter completed nearly 1500 picture-taking 18 00:00:35,630 --> 00:00:35,640 completed nearly 1500 picture-taking 19 00:00:35,640 --> 00:00:39,020 completed nearly 1500 picture-taking trips around the planet while its Lander 20 00:00:39,020 --> 00:00:39,030 trips around the planet while its Lander 21 00:00:39,030 --> 00:00:40,910 trips around the planet while its Lander studied samples and returned to views 22 00:00:40,910 --> 00:00:40,920 studied samples and returned to views 23 00:00:40,920 --> 00:00:43,760 studied samples and returned to views from the surface as a result Mars is 24 00:00:43,760 --> 00:00:43,770 from the surface as a result Mars is 25 00:00:43,770 --> 00:00:46,819 from the surface as a result Mars is well mapped but many questions remain so 26 00:00:46,819 --> 00:00:46,829 well mapped but many questions remain so 27 00:00:46,829 --> 00:00:48,709 well mapped but many questions remain so researchers are designing systems to 28 00:00:48,709 --> 00:00:48,719 researchers are designing systems to 29 00:00:48,719 --> 00:00:51,319 researchers are designing systems to explore the varied Martian geography in 30 00:00:51,319 --> 00:00:51,329 explore the varied Martian geography in 31 00:00:51,329 --> 00:00:55,310 explore the varied Martian geography in anticipation of a return mission on calm 32 00:00:55,310 --> 00:00:55,320 anticipation of a return mission on calm 33 00:00:55,320 --> 00:00:57,500 anticipation of a return mission on calm sunny mornings Jim Burke can often be 34 00:00:57,500 --> 00:00:57,510 sunny mornings Jim Burke can often be 35 00:00:57,510 --> 00:00:59,420 sunny mornings Jim Burke can often be found flying this lightweight solar 36 00:00:59,420 --> 00:00:59,430 found flying this lightweight solar 37 00:00:59,430 --> 00:01:01,700 found flying this lightweight solar balloon in the courtyard at NASA's Jet 38 00:01:01,700 --> 00:01:01,710 balloon in the courtyard at NASA's Jet 39 00:01:01,710 --> 00:01:03,049 balloon in the courtyard at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena 40 00:01:03,049 --> 00:01:03,059 Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena 41 00:01:03,059 --> 00:01:06,530 Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena California mr. Burke views his study as 42 00:01:06,530 --> 00:01:06,540 California mr. Burke views his study as 43 00:01:06,540 --> 00:01:08,570 California mr. Burke views his study as an important stepping stone to a larger 44 00:01:08,570 --> 00:01:08,580 an important stepping stone to a larger 45 00:01:08,580 --> 00:01:10,490 an important stepping stone to a larger goal than gathering more precise 46 00:01:10,490 --> 00:01:10,500 goal than gathering more precise 47 00:01:10,500 --> 00:01:12,609 goal than gathering more precise information about the red planet 48 00:01:12,609 --> 00:01:12,619 information about the red planet 49 00:01:12,619 --> 00:01:15,410 information about the red planet now the Martian atmosphere is carbon 50 00:01:15,410 --> 00:01:15,420 now the Martian atmosphere is carbon 51 00:01:15,420 --> 00:01:19,550 now the Martian atmosphere is carbon dioxide and if you put a black balloon 52 00:01:19,550 --> 00:01:19,560 dioxide and if you put a black balloon 53 00:01:19,560 --> 00:01:21,920 dioxide and if you put a black balloon that's light enough with a light enough 54 00:01:21,920 --> 00:01:21,930 that's light enough with a light enough 55 00:01:21,930 --> 00:01:24,830 that's light enough with a light enough payload into that atmosphere the sun 56 00:01:24,830 --> 00:01:24,840 payload into that atmosphere the sun 57 00:01:24,840 --> 00:01:27,260 payload into that atmosphere the sun shining on the black balloon will warm 58 00:01:27,260 --> 00:01:27,270 shining on the black balloon will warm 59 00:01:27,270 --> 00:01:29,510 shining on the black balloon will warm it up like the heat inside a parked car 60 00:01:29,510 --> 00:01:29,520 it up like the heat inside a parked car 61 00:01:29,520 --> 00:01:32,780 it up like the heat inside a parked car with the windows shut and it gets hot 62 00:01:32,780 --> 00:01:32,790 with the windows shut and it gets hot 63 00:01:32,790 --> 00:01:35,090 with the windows shut and it gets hot enough inside to become a hot air 64 00:01:35,090 --> 00:01:35,100 enough inside to become a hot air 65 00:01:35,100 --> 00:01:39,200 enough inside to become a hot air balloon scientists students and 66 00:01:39,200 --> 00:01:39,210 balloon scientists students and 67 00:01:39,210 --> 00:01:40,540 balloon scientists students and engineers from Jake 68 00:01:40,540 --> 00:01:40,550 engineers from Jake 69 00:01:40,550 --> 00:01:43,270 engineers from Jake California Institute of Technology have 70 00:01:43,270 --> 00:01:43,280 California Institute of Technology have 71 00:01:43,280 --> 00:01:45,250 California Institute of Technology have taken the concept a step further by 72 00:01:45,250 --> 00:01:45,260 taken the concept a step further by 73 00:01:45,260 --> 00:01:47,590 taken the concept a step further by testing the feasibility his 30 foot 74 00:01:47,590 --> 00:01:47,600 testing the feasibility his 30 foot 75 00:01:47,600 --> 00:01:49,900 testing the feasibility his 30 foot diameter solar balloon that might be 76 00:01:49,900 --> 00:01:49,910 diameter solar balloon that might be 77 00:01:49,910 --> 00:01:53,470 diameter solar balloon that might be used to study Mars in theory the device 78 00:01:53,470 --> 00:01:53,480 used to study Mars in theory the device 79 00:01:53,480 --> 00:01:55,510 used to study Mars in theory the device could be blown around by local Martian 80 00:01:55,510 --> 00:01:55,520 could be blown around by local Martian 81 00:01:55,520 --> 00:01:57,670 could be blown around by local Martian winds during the day to collect data and 82 00:01:57,670 --> 00:01:57,680 winds during the day to collect data and 83 00:01:57,680 --> 00:01:59,770 winds during the day to collect data and take pictures at night it would cool 84 00:01:59,770 --> 00:01:59,780 take pictures at night it would cool 85 00:01:59,780 --> 00:02:02,470 take pictures at night it would cool down lose buoyancy and lower itself to 86 00:02:02,470 --> 00:02:02,480 down lose buoyancy and lower itself to 87 00:02:02,480 --> 00:02:04,360 down lose buoyancy and lower itself to the ground and to survey the planet's 88 00:02:04,360 --> 00:02:04,370 the ground and to survey the planet's 89 00:02:04,370 --> 00:02:07,630 the ground and to survey the planet's surface the small clear balloon pulls 90 00:02:07,630 --> 00:02:07,640 surface the small clear balloon pulls 91 00:02:07,640 --> 00:02:09,310 surface the small clear balloon pulls the larger one off the ground at night 92 00:02:09,310 --> 00:02:09,320 the larger one off the ground at night 93 00:02:09,320 --> 00:02:10,780 the larger one off the ground at night so it won't get damaged 94 00:02:10,780 --> 00:02:10,790 so it won't get damaged 95 00:02:10,790 --> 00:02:12,910 so it won't get damaged there are many regions of Mars that 96 00:02:12,910 --> 00:02:12,920 there are many regions of Mars that 97 00:02:12,920 --> 00:02:14,890 there are many regions of Mars that could be explored this way according to 98 00:02:14,890 --> 00:02:14,900 could be explored this way according to 99 00:02:14,900 --> 00:02:18,240 could be explored this way according to Jim Burnie one very interesting 100 00:02:18,240 --> 00:02:18,250 Jim Burnie one very interesting 101 00:02:18,250 --> 00:02:21,880 Jim Burnie one very interesting possibility is to flip the balloon in 102 00:02:21,880 --> 00:02:21,890 possibility is to flip the balloon in 103 00:02:21,890 --> 00:02:24,160 possibility is to flip the balloon in the atmosphere get it inflated operating 104 00:02:24,160 --> 00:02:24,170 the atmosphere get it inflated operating 105 00:02:24,170 --> 00:02:26,650 the atmosphere get it inflated operating up in the polar regions and let the 106 00:02:26,650 --> 00:02:26,660 up in the polar regions and let the 107 00:02:26,660 --> 00:02:30,370 up in the polar regions and let the circumpolar winds drift it down across 108 00:02:30,370 --> 00:02:30,380 circumpolar winds drift it down across 109 00:02:30,380 --> 00:02:34,000 circumpolar winds drift it down across the polar cap over the layered terrain 110 00:02:34,000 --> 00:02:34,010 the polar cap over the layered terrain 111 00:02:34,010 --> 00:02:36,340 the polar cap over the layered terrain which is in the canyons that spiral out 112 00:02:36,340 --> 00:02:36,350 which is in the canyons that spiral out 113 00:02:36,350 --> 00:02:38,470 which is in the canyons that spiral out from the polar cap then across the 114 00:02:38,470 --> 00:02:38,480 from the polar cap then across the 115 00:02:38,480 --> 00:02:42,190 from the polar cap then across the immense dune fields that surround the 116 00:02:42,190 --> 00:02:42,200 immense dune fields that surround the 117 00:02:42,200 --> 00:02:44,590 immense dune fields that surround the floor caps and on downward into 118 00:02:44,590 --> 00:02:44,600 floor caps and on downward into 119 00:02:44,600 --> 00:02:47,680 floor caps and on downward into temperate latitudes on Mars to remotely 120 00:02:47,680 --> 00:02:47,690 temperate latitudes on Mars to remotely 121 00:02:47,690 --> 00:02:50,140 temperate latitudes on Mars to remotely explore the surface of Mars a number of 122 00:02:50,140 --> 00:02:50,150 explore the surface of Mars a number of 123 00:02:50,150 --> 00:02:52,270 explore the surface of Mars a number of devices have been investigated they 124 00:02:52,270 --> 00:02:52,280 devices have been investigated they 125 00:02:52,280 --> 00:02:54,880 devices have been investigated they include early roving vehicle prototypes 126 00:02:54,880 --> 00:02:54,890 include early roving vehicle prototypes 127 00:02:54,890 --> 00:02:57,310 include early roving vehicle prototypes designed to fall or wheel their way 128 00:02:57,310 --> 00:02:57,320 designed to fall or wheel their way 129 00:02:57,320 --> 00:03:00,550 designed to fall or wheel their way across alien terrain Rovers continue to 130 00:03:00,550 --> 00:03:00,560 across alien terrain Rovers continue to 131 00:03:00,560 --> 00:03:02,800 across alien terrain Rovers continue to be designed today based on some of these 132 00:03:02,800 --> 00:03:02,810 be designed today based on some of these 133 00:03:02,810 --> 00:03:06,910 be designed today based on some of these models University of Arizona's lunar and 134 00:03:06,910 --> 00:03:06,920 models University of Arizona's lunar and 135 00:03:06,920 --> 00:03:09,220 models University of Arizona's lunar and planetary labs graduate students and 136 00:03:09,220 --> 00:03:09,230 planetary labs graduate students and 137 00:03:09,230 --> 00:03:12,030 planetary labs graduate students and faculty have recently built this 138 00:03:12,030 --> 00:03:12,040 faculty have recently built this 139 00:03:12,040 --> 00:03:15,869 faculty have recently built this - wheel prototype Mars roll another 140 00:03:15,869 --> 00:03:15,879 - wheel prototype Mars roll another 141 00:03:15,879 --> 00:03:17,130 - wheel prototype Mars roll another vehicle 142 00:03:17,130 --> 00:03:17,140 vehicle 143 00:03:17,140 --> 00:03:19,500 vehicle this robotic six-wheeled version which 144 00:03:19,500 --> 00:03:19,510 this robotic six-wheeled version which 145 00:03:19,510 --> 00:03:21,480 this robotic six-wheeled version which is JPL's latest testbed for 146 00:03:21,480 --> 00:03:21,490 is JPL's latest testbed for 147 00:03:21,490 --> 00:03:23,040 is JPL's latest testbed for understanding the control 148 00:03:23,040 --> 00:03:23,050 understanding the control 149 00:03:23,050 --> 00:03:25,340 understanding the control vision systems needed for a Mars mission 150 00:03:25,340 --> 00:03:25,350 vision systems needed for a Mars mission 151 00:03:25,350 --> 00:03:28,820 vision systems needed for a Mars mission according to Brian Wilcox 152 00:03:28,820 --> 00:03:28,830 according to Brian Wilcox 153 00:03:28,830 --> 00:03:31,520 according to Brian Wilcox operators research group at JPL sending 154 00:03:31,520 --> 00:03:31,530 operators research group at JPL sending 155 00:03:31,530 --> 00:03:32,770 operators research group at JPL sending commands to a 156 00:03:32,770 --> 00:03:32,780 commands to a 157 00:03:32,780 --> 00:03:34,690 commands to a Mars would be difficult because of the 158 00:03:34,690 --> 00:03:34,700 Mars would be difficult because of the 159 00:03:34,700 --> 00:03:37,690 Mars would be difficult because of the 10 to 40 minute round-trip delay you 160 00:03:37,690 --> 00:03:37,700 10 to 40 minute round-trip delay you 161 00:03:37,700 --> 00:03:39,520 10 to 40 minute round-trip delay you can't just sit there and steer in your 162 00:03:39,520 --> 00:03:39,530 can't just sit there and steer in your 163 00:03:39,530 --> 00:03:42,370 can't just sit there and steer in your armchair from a TV monitor and make the 164 00:03:42,370 --> 00:03:42,380 armchair from a TV monitor and make the 165 00:03:42,380 --> 00:03:44,350 armchair from a TV monitor and make the vehicle do useful things because of this 166 00:03:44,350 --> 00:03:44,360 vehicle do useful things because of this 167 00:03:44,360 --> 00:03:46,449 vehicle do useful things because of this long speed of light delay so we've 168 00:03:46,449 --> 00:03:46,459 long speed of light delay so we've 169 00:03:46,459 --> 00:03:48,580 long speed of light delay so we've identified several techniques to 170 00:03:48,580 --> 00:03:48,590 identified several techniques to 171 00:03:48,590 --> 00:03:50,949 identified several techniques to maneuver of vehicle on Mars in such a 172 00:03:50,949 --> 00:03:50,959 maneuver of vehicle on Mars in such a 173 00:03:50,959 --> 00:03:53,890 maneuver of vehicle on Mars in such a way that you can go useful distances in 174 00:03:53,890 --> 00:03:53,900 way that you can go useful distances in 175 00:03:53,900 --> 00:03:56,590 way that you can go useful distances in a day in spite of the fact that the 176 00:03:56,590 --> 00:03:56,600 a day in spite of the fact that the 177 00:03:56,600 --> 00:03:58,720 a day in spite of the fact that the humans are this long speed of light 178 00:03:58,720 --> 00:03:58,730 humans are this long speed of light 179 00:03:58,730 --> 00:04:18,909 humans are this long speed of light delay removed from the action 180 00:04:18,909 --> 00:04:18,919 181 00:04:18,919 --> 00:04:21,640 the rugged vehicle has two TV cameras 182 00:04:21,640 --> 00:04:21,650 the rugged vehicle has two TV cameras 183 00:04:21,650 --> 00:04:22,629 the rugged vehicle has two TV cameras for eyes 184 00:04:22,629 --> 00:04:22,639 for eyes 185 00:04:22,639 --> 00:04:24,429 for eyes indisputably of climbing complex 186 00:04:24,429 --> 00:04:24,439 indisputably of climbing complex 187 00:04:24,439 --> 00:04:27,060 indisputably of climbing complex occurred taller than it 188 00:04:27,060 --> 00:04:27,070 occurred taller than it 189 00:04:27,070 --> 00:04:28,710 occurred taller than it the proposed making vehicle would have 190 00:04:28,710 --> 00:04:28,720 the proposed making vehicle would have 191 00:04:28,720 --> 00:04:31,170 the proposed making vehicle would have robotic arms to make measurements and 192 00:04:31,170 --> 00:04:31,180 robotic arms to make measurements and 193 00:04:31,180 --> 00:04:39,260 robotic arms to make measurements and collect rock and soil samples 194 00:04:39,260 --> 00:04:39,270 195 00:04:39,270 --> 00:04:42,089 using Rovers onboard vision system 196 00:04:42,089 --> 00:04:42,099 using Rovers onboard vision system 197 00:04:42,099 --> 00:04:44,580 using Rovers onboard vision system scientists can freeze three-dimensional 198 00:04:44,580 --> 00:04:44,590 scientists can freeze three-dimensional 199 00:04:44,590 --> 00:04:46,409 scientists can freeze three-dimensional images from its pair of television 200 00:04:46,409 --> 00:04:46,419 images from its pair of television 201 00:04:46,419 --> 00:04:48,989 images from its pair of television cameras they can then designate the 202 00:04:48,989 --> 00:04:48,999 cameras they can then designate the 203 00:04:48,999 --> 00:04:51,330 cameras they can then designate the pathway to follow continually updating 204 00:04:51,330 --> 00:04:51,340 pathway to follow continually updating 205 00:04:51,340 --> 00:04:53,429 pathway to follow continually updating commands from Earth so that the rover is 206 00:04:53,429 --> 00:04:53,439 commands from Earth so that the rover is 207 00:04:53,439 --> 00:04:56,869 commands from Earth so that the rover is able to avoid obstacles and hazards as 208 00:04:56,869 --> 00:04:56,879 able to avoid obstacles and hazards as 209 00:04:56,879 --> 00:04:59,610 able to avoid obstacles and hazards as more sophisticated visual systems are 210 00:04:59,610 --> 00:04:59,620 more sophisticated visual systems are 211 00:04:59,620 --> 00:05:01,260 more sophisticated visual systems are developed greater artificial 212 00:05:01,260 --> 00:05:01,270 developed greater artificial 213 00:05:01,270 --> 00:05:03,360 developed greater artificial intelligence and help the rover find its 214 00:05:03,360 --> 00:05:03,370 intelligence and help the rover find its 215 00:05:03,370 --> 00:05:06,089 intelligence and help the rover find its own way if given I res Aleutian imagery 216 00:05:06,089 --> 00:05:06,099 own way if given I res Aleutian imagery 217 00:05:06,099 --> 00:05:08,369 own way if given I res Aleutian imagery of the Martian surface and the list of 218 00:05:08,369 --> 00:05:08,379 of the Martian surface and the list of 219 00:05:08,379 --> 00:05:12,700 of the Martian surface and the list of targeted regions 220 00:05:12,700 --> 00:05:12,710 221 00:05:12,710 --> 00:05:15,070 the hope is to someday send a manned 222 00:05:15,070 --> 00:05:15,080 the hope is to someday send a manned 223 00:05:15,080 --> 00:05:17,260 the hope is to someday send a manned mission to Mars but a more detailed 224 00:05:17,260 --> 00:05:17,270 mission to Mars but a more detailed 225 00:05:17,270 --> 00:05:19,270 mission to Mars but a more detailed study of the planet is necessary first 226 00:05:19,270 --> 00:05:19,280 study of the planet is necessary first 227 00:05:19,280 --> 00:05:21,700 study of the planet is necessary first and these pioneering steps can be made 228 00:05:21,700 --> 00:05:21,710 and these pioneering steps can be made 229 00:05:21,710 --> 00:05:24,370 and these pioneering steps can be made by roving vehicles and balloons again 230 00:05:24,370 --> 00:05:24,380 by roving vehicles and balloons again 231 00:05:24,380 --> 00:05:27,460 by roving vehicles and balloons again Brian Wilcox if you imagine an 232 00:05:27,460 --> 00:05:27,470 Brian Wilcox if you imagine an 233 00:05:27,470 --> 00:05:29,650 Brian Wilcox if you imagine an expedition Lewis and Clark trying to 234 00:05:29,650 --> 00:05:29,660 expedition Lewis and Clark trying to 235 00:05:29,660 --> 00:05:32,409 expedition Lewis and Clark trying to survey the Louisiana Purchase they 236 00:05:32,409 --> 00:05:32,419 survey the Louisiana Purchase they 237 00:05:32,419 --> 00:05:34,840 survey the Louisiana Purchase they basically made one track across a very 238 00:05:34,840 --> 00:05:34,850 basically made one track across a very 239 00:05:34,850 --> 00:05:36,760 basically made one track across a very small fraction of the land surface of 240 00:05:36,760 --> 00:05:36,770 small fraction of the land surface of 241 00:05:36,770 --> 00:05:40,060 small fraction of the land surface of the earth took them years to do it and 242 00:05:40,060 --> 00:05:40,070 the earth took them years to do it and 243 00:05:40,070 --> 00:05:43,060 the earth took them years to do it and yet they found incredible things all 244 00:05:43,060 --> 00:05:43,070 yet they found incredible things all 245 00:05:43,070 --> 00:05:44,980 yet they found incredible things all along the way we could certainly have a 246 00:05:44,980 --> 00:05:44,990 along the way we could certainly have a 247 00:05:44,990 --> 00:05:48,810 along the way we could certainly have a dozen Rover missions which yielded 248 00:05:48,810 --> 00:05:48,820 dozen Rover missions which yielded 249 00:05:48,820 --> 00:05:52,540 dozen Rover missions which yielded equally interesting results the 250 00:05:52,540 --> 00:05:52,550 equally interesting results the 251 00:05:52,550 --> 00:05:55,270 equally interesting results the exploration of Mars sending unmanned 252 00:05:55,270 --> 00:05:55,280 exploration of Mars sending unmanned 253 00:05:55,280 --> 00:06:00,130 exploration of Mars sending unmanned vehicles as pathfinders for the future